{"id":1961,"date":"2015-08-25T16:34:46","date_gmt":"2015-08-25T06:34:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?p=1961"},"modified":"2015-08-12T16:40:37","modified_gmt":"2015-08-12T06:40:37","slug":"abstracts-is-cooling-then-freezing-a-humane-way-to-kill-amphibians-and-reptiles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?p=1961","title":{"rendered":"Abstracts: Is &#8220;cooling then freezing&#8221; a humane way to kill amphibians and reptiles?"},"content":{"rendered":"What is the most humane way to kill amphibians and small reptiles that are used in research? Historically, such animals were often killed by cooling followed by freezing, but this method was outlawed by ethics committees because of concerns that ice-crystals may form in peripheral tissues while the\u00a0animal\u00a0is still conscious, putatively causing intense pain. \r\n\r\nThis argument relies on assumptions about the capacity of such animals to feel pain, the thermal thresholds for tissue freezing, the temperature-dependence of nerve-impulse transmission and brain activity, and the magnitude of thermal differentials within the bodies of rapidly-cooling animals. \r\n\r\nA review of published studies casts doubt on those assumptions, and our laboratory experiments on cane toads (Rhinella marina) show that brain activity declines smoothly during freezing, with no indication of pain perception. Thus, cooling followed by freezing can offer a humane method of killing cane toads, and may be widely applicable to other ectotherms (especially, small species that are rarely active at low body temperatures). More generally, many\u00a0animal-ethics regulations have little empirical basis, and research on this topic is urgently required in order to reduce\u00a0animal\u00a0suffering. \r\n\r\nThe study is from the School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich\/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.\r\n\r\nShine R,\u00a0Amiel J,\u00a0Munn AJ,\u00a0et al. <em>Biol Open<\/em>\u00a02015 May 26 [Epub ahead of print].","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the most humane way to kill amphibians and small reptiles that are used in research? Historically, such animals were often killed by cooling followed by freezing, but this method was outlawed by ethics committees because of concerns that ice-crystals may form in peripheral tissues while the\u00a0animal\u00a0is still conscious, putatively causing intense pain. This [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[54,1653,1652,501,811,55],"class_list":["post-1961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-abstracts","tag-abstracts-2","tag-amphibians","tag-freezing","tag-killing","tag-reptiles","tag-research"],"rise-blocks_total_comments":0,"rise-blocks_categories":[{"term_id":3,"name":"Abstracts","slug":"abstracts","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":237,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3,"category_count":237,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Abstracts","category_nicename":"abstracts","category_parent":0}],"rise-blocks_excerpt":"What is the most humane way to kill amphibians and small reptiles that are used in research? Historically, such animals were often killed by cooling followed by freezing, but this method was outlawed by ethics committees because of concerns that ice-crystals may form in peripheral tissues while the\u00a0animal\u00a0is still conscious, putatively causing intense pain. This argument relies on assumptions about..","blog_post_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","full":""},"categories_names":{"3":{"name":"Abstracts","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?cat=3"}},"tags_names":{"54":{"name":"abstracts","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?tag=abstracts-2"},"1653":{"name":"amphibians","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?tag=amphibians"},"1652":{"name":"freezing","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?tag=freezing"},"501":{"name":"killing","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?tag=killing"},"811":{"name":"reptiles","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?tag=reptiles"},"55":{"name":"research","link":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/?tag=research"}},"comments_number":"0","wpmagazine_modules_lite_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","cvmm-medium":"","cvmm-medium-plus":"","cvmm-portrait":"","cvmm-medium-square":"","cvmm-large":"","cvmm-small":"","full":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1961","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1961"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1961\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1962,"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1961\/revisions\/1962"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1961"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1961"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theveterinarian.com.au\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1961"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}